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GNDU Question Paper-2021
B.A 1
st
Semester
ENGLISH (Compulsory)
Time Allowed: Three Hours Max. Marks: 50
Note: Attempt Five questions in all, selecting at least One question from each section. The
Fifth question may be attempted from any section. All questions carry equal marks.
SECTION-A
1. (A) Put the verb into the correct form:
(i) What time …………….. (the banks/close) here?
(ii) I've got a car, but I ………… (not/use) it much.
(iii) What………… (you/do)? 'I'm an electrician.'
(B) Put the verb into the correct form, present continuous or present simple:
(i) Who is that man? What ……….. (he/want)?
(ii) Who is that man? Why …………… (he/look) at us?
(iii) Alan says he is 80 years old but nobody…………. (believe) him.
(iv) She told me her name, but ……………… (I/not/remember) it now.
(C) Correct the sentences wherever necessary :
(i) I am looking for Mike. Have you seen him?
…………………………………………………………….
(ii) Where have you been yesterday evening?
……………………………………………………………
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(iii) Lucy has left the school in 1999.
……………………………………………………..
2. (A) Put the verb into the correct form, present perfect or past simple:
(i) I studied German at school, but ............ most of it now.
(I/forget)
(ii) The police …………….. three people, but later they let them go
(arrest)
(iii) What do you think of my English? Do you think ................ ?
(it/improve)
(iv) Quick! We need to call an ambulance,……………………. an accident.
(there/be)
(B) Put in for or since:
(i) It's been raining ………………….. lunch time.
(ii) I haven't been to a party ………………. ages.
(iii) The weather is dry. It hasn't rained ............. a few weeks.
(C) Put in when or if:
(i) I'm going to Rome next week ……………… I'm there, I hope to visit a friend of mine.
(ii) I am going away for a few days. I'll call you ………………. I come back.
(iii) I hope Sarah can come to the party. It will be a shame …………………….. she can't come.
SECTION-B
3. (A) Write a paragraph on One of the following topics:
(i) Democracy in India.
(ii) Impact of Internet on Modern Life.
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(B) Complete each sentence with a verb (one or two words):
(i) Sarah knows a lot about films. She must............ to the cinema a lot.
(ii) Their house is very near the motorway. It must...........very noisy.
(iii) I didn't hear the phone ring. I must ……………. asleep.
(C) Complete the sentences with mustn't or don't/doesn't have to:
(i). I can sleep late tomorrow morning because I go to work.
(ii) You forget what I told you. It's very important.
4. (A) Write a paragraph on One of the following topics:
(i) Life in Villages
(ii) Travel as a Means of Learning.
(B) Put the verb into correct form.
(i) I can't afford to buy a car. If I ……………… (buy) a car. I'd have to borrow the money.
(ii) Don't lend Amy your car. If she …………………. (ask) me, I wouldn't lend her mine.
(iii) If the computer factory closed down, many people …………. (lose) their jobs.
(iv) I don't think Gary and Emma will get married. I ………………..(be) amazed if they did.
(v) I'd be very scared if somebody ……………….. (point) a gun at me.
SECTION-C
5. Retell Bertha's Story.
6. Write an essay on criticism of social system and social customs in the story The Shroud.
SECTION-D
7. What does democracy generally mean? How does it vary from country to country?
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8. (a) In what way is a spendthrift selfish ?
(b) What does the declaration expect from the individuals by way of duties?
GNDU Answer Paper-2021
B.A 1
st
Semester
ENGLISH (Compulsory)
Time Allowed: Three Hours Max. Marks: 50
Note: Attempt Five questions in all, selecting at least One question from each section. The
Fifth question may be attempted from any section. All questions carry equal marks.
SECTION-A
1. (A) Put the verb into the correct form:
(i) What time …………….. (the banks/close) here?
(ii) I've got a car, but I ………… (not/use) it much.
(iii) What………… (you/do)? 'I'm an electrician.'
Ans: (i) What time do the banks close here?
(ii) I've got a car, but I don't use it much.
(iii) What do you do?
'I'm an electrician.'
(B) Put the verb into the correct form, present continuous or present simple:
(i) Who is that man? What ……….. (he/want)?
(ii) Who is that man? Why …………… (he/look) at us?
(iii) Alan says he is 80 years old but nobody…………. (believe) him.
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(iv) She told me her name, but ……………… (I/not/remember) it now.
Ans: (i) Who is that man? What does he want?
(ii) Who is that man? Why is he looking at us?
(iii) Alan says he is 80 years old but nobody believes him.
(iv) She told me her name, but I don't remember it now.
(C) Correct the sentences wherever necessary :
(i) I am looking for Mike. Have you seen him?
…………………………………………………………….
(ii) Where have you been yesterday evening?
……………………………………………………………
(iii) Lucy has left the school in 1999.
……………………………………………………..
Ans: (i) I am looking for Mike. Have you seen him?
Correct as it is. (This sentence is grammatically correct.)
(ii) Where have you been yesterday evening?
Incorrect (We use past simple with specific time expressions like yesterday evening.)
Corrected: Where were you yesterday evening?
(iii) Lucy has left the school in 1999.
Incorrect (We use past simple with a specific past time like in 1999.)
Corrected: Lucy left the school in 1999.
2. (A) Put the verb into the correct form, present perfect or past simple:
(i) I studied German at school, but ............ most of it now.
(I/forget)
(ii) The police …………….. three people, but later they let them go
(arrest)
(iii) What do you think of my English? Do you think ................ ?
(it/improve)
(iv) Quick! We need to call an ambulance,……………………. an accident.
(there/be)
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Ans: (i) I studied German at school, but I’ve forgotten most of it now.
(Present perfect is used because it affects the present — you don't remember it now.)
(ii) The police arrested three people, but later they let them go.
(Past simple is used because it's a completed action in the past.)
(iii) What do you think of my English? Do you think it has improved?
(Present perfect is used for change or progress over time until now.)
(iv) Quick! We need to call an ambulance, there has been an accident.
(Present perfect is used because it has just happened and is relevant now.)
(B) Put in for or since:
(i) It's been raining ………………….. lunch time.
(ii) I haven't been to a party ………………. ages.
(iii) The weather is dry. It hasn't rained ............. a few weeks.
Ans: (i) It's been raining since lunch time.
➡ ("Since" is used with a specific point in time — lunch time.)
(ii) I haven't been to a party for ages.
➡ ("For" is used with a period of time — ages.)
(iii) The weather is dry. It hasn't rained for a few weeks.
➡ ("For" is used with a duration — a few weeks.)
(C) Put in when or if:
(i) I'm going to Rome next week ……………… I'm there, I hope to visit a friend of mine.
(ii) I am going away for a few days. I'll call you ………………. I come back.
(iii) I hope Sarah can come to the party. It will be a shame …………………….. she can't come.
Ans: (i) I'm going to Rome next week. When I'm there, I hope to visit a friend of mine.
➡ ("When" is used because it's a definite plan — you are sure you'll be there.)
(ii) I am going away for a few days. I'll call you when I come back.
➡ ("When" is used because returning is certain.)
(iii) I hope Sarah can come to the party. It will be a shame if she can't come.
➡ ("If" is used because it's uncertain whether she'll come or not.)
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SECTION-B
3. (A) Write a paragraph on One of the following topics:
(i) Democracy in India.
(ii) Impact of Internet on Modern Life.
Ans: Democracy in India – A Simple Explanation
India is known as the largest democracy in the world. But what does that mean? Let’s
understand it in a simple way. Democracy is a form of government where people have the
power to elect their leaders. The word “democracy” comes from two Greek words — demos
meaning “people” and kratia meaning “rule” — so it literally means “rule by the people.” In
a democracy, people are not ruled by a king or dictator. Instead, they choose their leaders
by voting in elections. India adopted democracy after gaining independence from British
rule in 1947. In 1950, when the Indian Constitution came into effect, our country became a
sovereign, socialist, secular, democratic republic.
India’s democracy is based on the principle of universal adult franchise, which means that
every citizen of India who is 18 years or older has the right to vote, regardless of caste,
religion, gender, or education. This is the foundation of Indian democracy. Through free and
fair elections, people choose their representatives at different levels — from village
panchayats to the Parliament.
How Democracy Works in India
India follows a parliamentary system of democracy, which means that the people elect
Members of Parliament (MPs), and the majority party or alliance forms the government.
The head of the government is the Prime Minister, and the head of the country (in name
only) is the President. At the state level, people elect Members of the Legislative Assembly
(MLAs), and the ruling party chooses a Chief Minister.
India has three branches of government:
1. Legislative (makes laws)
2. Executive (implements laws)
3. Judiciary (interprets laws and ensures justice)
These branches work together to maintain democracy and ensure that no one has too much
power.
Features of Indian Democracy
India’s democracy is unique and diverse. Here are some key features:
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• Elections: Regular, free, and fair elections are held in India. Every five years, people
vote to elect the Lok Sabha (Lower House of Parliament).
• Multi-party system: India has many political parties. National parties like BJP,
Congress, and regional parties compete in elections, giving people many options.
• Secularism: India does not have any official religion. All religions are treated equally,
and everyone has the right to follow their own faith.
• Federal structure: Power is divided between the central government and state
governments. This helps in managing such a vast country.
• Fundamental Rights: Every Indian citizen has certain rights like the right to equality,
freedom of speech, right to education, and right to constitutional remedies.
• Independent Judiciary: Courts in India are free from political influence. They protect
the rights of people and ensure that laws are followed.
• Media freedom: A democratic society depends on a free press. Media in India plays
a key role in informing people and holding leaders accountable.
Advantages of Democracy in India
There are many reasons why democracy is important for India:
• People’s participation: Everyone gets a chance to vote and be part of the decision-
making process.
• Peaceful change of power: Unlike dictatorships, democracy allows governments to
change peacefully through elections.
• Protection of rights: Citizens can express their opinions freely and protest against
injustice.
• Development and welfare: In a democracy, leaders have to work for the welfare of
people if they want to get re-elected.
• Unity in diversity: Even though India has many religions, languages, and cultures,
democracy allows all voices to be heard.
Challenges to Indian Democracy
Even though democracy in India has many strengths, it also faces some serious challenges:
• Corruption: Many politicians and officials are involved in corruption, which weakens
people’s trust in democracy.
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• Illiteracy and poverty: A large number of people are still poor and uneducated. They
sometimes vote without understanding the issues or are influenced by money and
fake promises.
• Caste and religion-based politics: Some leaders divide people for votes by using
caste or religion, which harms national unity.
• Criminalization of politics: Many elected leaders have criminal records, which is a
threat to clean governance.
• Fake news and media bias: With social media, it’s easy to spread false news, which
can mislead voters and create tension.
Why Democracy Matters
Despite the problems, democracy remains the best system for India. It respects people’s
rights, gives them a voice, and allows peaceful solutions to problems. In a country as diverse
and large as India, only democracy can give space to different communities, beliefs, and
opinions. When people participate actively — by voting, asking questions, and staying
informed — democracy becomes stronger.
Conclusion
Democracy in India is not just a political system — it is a way of life. It gives us the freedom
to choose, to speak, to dream, and to live with dignity. However, with freedom comes
responsibility. We must vote wisely, stay informed, and demand honesty and fairness from
our leaders. Only then can Indian democracy truly succeed and shine as an example to the
world.
(b). Impact of Internet on Modern Life
The internet has completely changed the way we live, work, communicate, and even think.
In today's modern world, it's hard to imagine life without the internet. From students and
teachers to businesspeople, doctors, and shopkeepers — everyone uses it in one way or
another. But how has it really impacted our lives? Let’s understand the impact of the
internet on modern life through different aspects, step by step.
1. How has the internet changed communication?
One of the biggest impacts of the internet is on communication. Before the internet, people
had to rely on letters, landline phones, or personal meetings to talk to each other. Now,
with tools like email, WhatsApp, Zoom, and social media platforms like Facebook and
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Instagram, communication has become instant and global. You can talk to someone sitting
in another country within seconds. Video calling has brought families and friends closer,
even if they live far away. Social media has also given people the chance to express their
thoughts, share experiences, and connect with like-minded communities. However, it has
also led to some problems like cyberbullying, online scams, and the spreading of fake news.
2. How has the internet affected education?
The internet has brought a revolution in the education sector. Earlier, students had to
depend only on teachers, textbooks, and libraries for learning. But now, thanks to the
internet, education is just a click away. Students can watch videos, join online classes, use
educational apps, and read e-books from anywhere in the world. Platforms like YouTube,
Khan Academy, and Coursera offer free and paid courses on almost every subject. During
the COVID-19 pandemic, online classes became the new normal, making the internet an
essential tool for education. Even teachers are using digital tools to make learning more
interesting. But we must also be careful — too much internet use can lead to distractions,
poor attention span, and even mental health issues if not used wisely.
3. What is the impact of the internet on work and business?
The way people work has changed a lot because of the internet. Many jobs now depend
on the internet, such as digital marketing, web development, online customer support,
freelancing, and content creation. People can now work from home (called “remote work”)
using platforms like Zoom, Google Meet, or Microsoft Teams. This has saved time, money,
and even helped people maintain work-life balance. Businesses also use the internet to
reach more customers through websites, social media, and online ads. E-commerce sites
like Amazon, Flipkart, and Myntra have made shopping easier and more convenient. Even
small businesses and startups now use digital tools to grow their business. On the downside,
the internet has also caused job losses in some sectors and increased competition.
4. How has the internet changed entertainment and daily lifestyle?
Entertainment has become more accessible than ever because of the internet. Instead of
going to theatres or buying CDs, people now watch movies and web series on platforms like
Netflix, Amazon Prime, or YouTube. Music, games, and sports updates are available 24/7.
Social media apps like Instagram and TikTok have turned ordinary people into content
creators and influencers. Daily tasks like ordering food, booking tickets, calling a cab, or
even paying bills can now be done online. Health apps help track fitness, while online
banking and digital wallets have made financial transactions fast and easy. However, the
internet has also made people more dependent on technology and less physically active,
which is a concern for health.
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5. What are some of the negative effects of the internet on modern life?
While the internet has made life easier in many ways, it also comes with drawbacks. The
biggest concern is internet addiction — people, especially teenagers, spend hours on social
media, gaming, or watching videos, which affects their studies and sleep. Privacy is another
major issue. Many apps collect our personal data, and hackers can steal information if we’re
not careful. Cybercrime like online fraud, identity theft, and cyberbullying is increasing. Fake
news spreads quickly through social media, causing panic and confusion. Also, too much
screen time affects our eyes, posture, and mental health. It’s important to use the internet
wisely and take breaks to maintain a healthy balance between online and offline life.
Conclusion:
To sum up, the internet has become an essential part of modern life. It has improved
communication, education, business, and entertainment. But like any powerful tool, it must
be used responsibly. The internet should be seen as a friend that helps us grow, learn, and
stay connected — but not something that controls our lives. By using it in a smart and
balanced way, we can enjoy all its benefits while staying safe from its harms.
(B) Complete each sentence with a verb (one or two words):
(i) Sarah knows a lot about films. She must............ to the cinema a lot.
(ii) Their house is very near the motorway. It must...........very noisy.
(iii) I didn't hear the phone ring. I must ……………. asleep.
Ans: (i) Sarah knows a lot about films. She must go to the cinema a lot.
(ii) Their house is very near the motorway. It must be very noisy.
(iii) I didn't hear the phone ring. I must have been asleep.
(C) Complete the sentences with mustn't or don't/doesn't have to:
(i). I can sleep late tomorrow morning because I go to work.
(ii) You forget what I told you. It's very important.
Ans: (i) I can sleep late tomorrow morning because I don't have to go to work.
➡ (You’re not required to go to work — it’s not necessary.)
(ii) You mustn't forget what I told you. It's very important.
➡ (You are strictly not allowed to forget — it's a strong warning.)
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4. (A) Write a paragraph on One of the following topics:
(i) Life in Villages
(ii) Travel as a Means of Learning.
Ans: (i) Life in Villages
A Peaceful World Away from the Rush
Have you ever taken a walk through a village early in the morning? The air feels different —
fresh and pure. You can hear birds chirping, cows mooing, and farmers talking about their
crops instead of traffic noise. That’s the charm of village life. It may seem simple on the
surface, but it’s deeply connected with nature, tradition, and peaceful living.
The Simplicity of Rural Life
Life in villages is slow, simple, and often more peaceful compared to cities. In most Indian
villages, people wake up early, start their day with daily chores, farming, or looking after
animals. Unlike cities, where life moves at a fast pace and people rush all day, village life
allows people to live without much stress.
Villagers often live in joint families and know each other very well. They attend festivals
together, help each other during weddings, funerals, or any difficulty. Relationships are
more personal and warm in villages. This strong sense of community gives people emotional
support, which is sometimes missing in urban areas.
Close Connection to Nature
One of the most beautiful parts of village life is its connection with nature. Green fields,
flowing rivers, tall trees, and open skies are all part of the everyday landscape. People grow
their own vegetables, eat fresh food, and breathe clean air. This closeness to nature keeps
people healthier, both physically and mentally.
In villages, people respect natural resources more. They value water, trees, animals, and
land because their survival depends on it. Many still use traditional, eco-friendly farming
methods, which are now being recognized as sustainable by modern science.
Occupation and Livelihood
Farming is the primary occupation in villages. Men and women work hard in fields, growing
crops like wheat, rice, vegetables, and pulses. Some people are also engaged in dairy
farming, weaving, pottery, or other small crafts. With limited resources and income,
villagers often live with fewer needs and still find joy in small things.
However, life is not always easy. In some villages, lack of education, poor roads, limited
hospitals, and irregular electricity can make daily life challenging. Many young people move
to cities in search of better jobs and education, leaving behind the elderly.
Festivals and Traditions
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Villages are rich in culture and traditions. Whether it’s Holi, Diwali, Pongal, Baisakhi, or
Onam — every festival is celebrated with full enthusiasm. Folk dances, songs, and
community feasts are common. These festivals are not just about fun but also about coming
together and sharing joy. People wear traditional clothes and decorate their homes with
rangolis, flowers, and lights.
Even marriages and religious ceremonies in villages are grand in their own way. Though they
may not have five-star hotels or expensive setups, the warmth and hospitality of villagers
leave a lasting impact.
Education and Modern Changes
Today, many villages have schools and some even have small colleges. Thanks to
government schemes and NGOs, awareness about education, hygiene, and women’s rights
is spreading. Slowly, girls are being encouraged to study and not just stay confined to
household work.
Technology is also reaching rural areas. With the help of mobile phones and internet access,
farmers get weather updates, learn new farming techniques, and even sell their produce
online.
However, challenges still exist. There are places where clean drinking water, proper
drainage, or even toilets are missing. Migration of youth and lack of healthcare facilities are
serious concerns. But with time and support, these issues can be improved.
Why Village Life Still Matters
In today's fast-moving, artificial world, village life reminds us of a more organic and
grounded way of living. It teaches us that happiness doesn’t always come from luxury.
Peace, relationships, and contentment are just as important.
Even though urbanization is growing, we must protect our villages, traditions, and the
environment they maintain. A balanced life is one where we take the values of the village —
honesty, simplicity, hard work — and combine them with modern education and progress.
(ii) Travel as a Means of Learning
Education Beyond the Books
“Travel is the only thing you buy that makes you richer.” This quote sums up what travel
really offers — learning that no classroom, book, or website can fully provide. When we
travel, we don’t just go from one place to another. We meet new people, understand
different cultures, see different lifestyles, and gain knowledge that stays with us forever.
Learning through Real-Life Experience
One of the most powerful aspects of travel is experiential learning — learning through
experience. When you visit a historical monument, you don’t just read about it, you see it,
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touch it, and understand its importance in a deeper way. For example, visiting the Taj Mahal
gives a better understanding of Mughal architecture than any textbook can describe.
Similarly, traveling to tribal regions can teach you how indigenous people live, what they
believe in, and how they survive with limited resources. This kind of knowledge can’t be
found in Google searches alone — it comes from being there, observing, and interacting.
Travel Makes You Adaptable and Confident
Travel teaches you how to manage situations. Maybe your train got delayed, or you lost
your luggage, or you had to communicate in a new language. These situations teach
problem-solving, patience, and adaptability. You learn to handle challenges calmly, and this
boosts your self-confidence.
Even students who go for study tours or exchange programs say that they become more
independent and mature after traveling. They also become more open-minded and
accepting of others’ beliefs and opinions.
Cultural Understanding and Respect
In a diverse country like India, travel allows you to understand how different yet united we
are. A visit to South India teaches you about classical dance forms, temple architecture, and
local cuisine. A trip to the Northeast introduces you to a completely different way of life —
from food habits to dress styles to music.
By interacting with people from various backgrounds, travelers learn tolerance and respect
for differences. This is very important in today’s world, where many misunderstandings
come from lack of exposure to other cultures.
Travel Inspires Creativity and New Ideas
Artists, writers, and thinkers throughout history have been inspired by travel. Rabindranath
Tagore, Mahatma Gandhi, and Swami Vivekananda — all gained major insights from their
travels. Seeing new places sparks curiosity and imagination.
When you are out of your comfort zone, you start to observe more. A new street, a different
food item, or a cultural performance might inspire a poem, painting, or business idea. Many
great inventions or art forms have roots in travel-inspired experiences.
Educational Value of Travel
Field trips and excursions are a part of every school or college curriculum for a reason. They
help students apply what they’ve learned in the classroom to real-world situations. A
geography student visiting a glacier, or a biology student studying plants in a forest,
understands their subject better than someone just reading about it.
Even history, economics, sociology, and language can be better understood through travel.
Meeting local people, using a different currency, or learning a few words of another
language while traveling adds practical knowledge to theoretical learning.
Travel Builds Global Citizens
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When we travel abroad, we not only see different countries but also learn how the world
works. You start seeing how people from different nations live, what their problems are,
and how they solve them. This gives you a broader perspective on life.
Today, employers and universities value students who have international exposure.
Traveling helps you become a global citizen — someone who understands and respects
global cultures, politics, and economies.
Travel Teaches Gratitude
When you travel to rural areas or underdeveloped regions, you see how tough life can be
for some people. It makes you appreciate the things you often take for granted — clean
water, regular meals, good roads, or even electricity.
Travel humbles you. It teaches you gratitude, compassion, and the importance of living
simply.
Environment and Responsible Travel
Travel also teaches us about environmental protection. When you see polluted rivers or
deforested hills, it makes you reflect on the damage being done to nature. On the other
hand, eco-tourism — where travelers stay in huts, avoid plastic, and eat local food — is
becoming popular as a way to travel responsibly.
Travel teaches us to respect not only people but also places. Leaving the place cleaner than
you found it, not wasting resources, and supporting local businesses are all part of what we
call responsible travel.
Conclusion
Whether it's the calm, beautiful life in villages or the wide world that travel opens up to us
— both teach us lessons that go far beyond what books can tell. Village life shows us the
beauty of living in harmony with nature, the power of community, and the joy in simplicity.
Travel, on the other hand, helps us grow as individuals, breaks our mental boundaries, and
makes learning an exciting journey.
In today’s world, where everything is changing fast and knowledge alone is not enough,
experience matters. And both village life and travel offer experiences that shape us into
better human beings — more aware, more responsible, and more connected with the world
around us.
(B) Put the verb into correct form.
(i) I can't afford to buy a car. If I ……………… (buy) a car. I'd have to borrow the money.
(ii) Don't lend Amy your car. If she …………………. (ask) me, I wouldn't lend her mine.
(iii) If the computer factory closed down, many people …………. (lose) their jobs.
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(iv) I don't think Gary and Emma will get married. I ………………..(be) amazed if they did.
(v) I'd be very scared if somebody ……………….. (point) a gun at me.
Ans: (i) I can't afford to buy a car. If I bought a car, I'd have to borrow the money.
(ii) Don't lend Amy your car. If she asked me, I wouldn't lend her mine.
(iii) If the computer factory closed down, many people would lose their jobs.
(iv) I don't think Gary and Emma will get married. I would be amazed if they did.
(v) I'd be very scared if somebody pointed a gun at me.
SECTION-C
5. Retell Bertha's Story.
Ans: Retelling of Bertha’s Story – A Simple and Detailed Explanation
Introduction: Who is Bertha?
"The Story of the Three Little Children and the Very Good Girl Named Bertha" is a short
story within a story written by H.H. Munro, better known by his pen name Saki. This tale is
found in the short story titled "The Storyteller", where an old bachelor tells Bertha’s story to
some bored children in a train to entertain them in a creative but unexpected way.
The story is not just meant for fun – it also teaches a lesson, but in a very unusual and ironic
way. It highlights how too much goodness or being “too perfect” may not always bring good
results.
Let’s retell Bertha’s story in a detailed and easy-to-understand way.
The Main Story: Who was Bertha?
Bertha was a very good little girl—at least that’s how everyone described her. She was
better than anyone you could imagine. She was so good that she:
• Always told the truth
• Was never rude or disobedient
• Helped poor people and animals
• Was quiet and polite
• Always kept her clothes neat
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In fact, she was so good that the grown-ups in her town would say, “She is the best child in
the whole town.”
The Medal for Goodness
Because of her extraordinary behavior, Bertha was awarded a medal for being good. She
was so proud of it that she wore it around her neck all the time. Even when people told her
it might not be appropriate to wear a medal every day, she said she wanted to show it.
Now, this is important. The medal becomes a key part of the story later on.
The Prince’s Park
One day, as a special treat, Bertha was taken to visit the Prince’s park. It was a huge,
beautiful place with gardens, flowers, ponds, and animals. Normally, children were not
allowed inside the park, but Bertha was so good that she got special permission.
She walked in quietly, didn’t pick the flowers, and didn’t disturb the animals. She was the
perfect guest. But then, something happened that changed everything.
The Unexpected Danger
While Bertha was walking in the park, a wolf entered through a broken gate. This wolf was
hungry and wild, and it had already eaten some animals nearby. Now, it was looking for a
new victim.
Bertha saw the wolf and started running. She ran into a bushy area and hid behind a thick
myrtle tree. She stayed very still and tried not to make a sound. She was very scared but
also very clever.
The wolf sniffed around, trying to find her. It couldn’t see her because she was so well-
hidden. It almost started to walk away.
But then...
The Medal Betrays Her
The wolf suddenly heard a metallic sound — ting ting ting! It was the sound of Bertha’s
medal for goodness, which she wore proudly.
That little sound gave away her hiding spot. The wolf turned back, found her, and
unfortunately, ate her.
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What’s the Moral?
The story ends in a very shocking way. The children listening to the story are surprised. They
ask the storyteller why Bertha had to die, even though she was so good.
He simply replies that the medal—a reward for her goodness—was the reason she got
caught. In other words, her goodness led to her downfall.
Answering Key Questions (with Explanation)
1. Who was Bertha and how was she different from other children?
Bertha was a little girl who was extremely good and well-behaved. She was different from
other children because she never broke rules, never lied, and was always polite. She was
better behaved than even most adults expected. Because of her excellent behavior, she was
called “the best child in the whole town.”
2. Why did Bertha receive a medal?
Bertha received a medal for goodness because she always did the right thing. She was
honest, kind, quiet, and respectful. The medal was a reward from the adults who admired
her perfect manners. But ironically, this medal, which was a symbol of her goodness, ended
up causing her death later in the story.
3. What happened in the Prince’s park?
Bertha was allowed to visit the Prince’s park as a special reward for being good. It was a
beautiful and peaceful place, and she followed all the rules there too. But while she was in
the park, a wild wolf got in and started looking for someone to eat. Bertha hid behind a
myrtle bush and almost escaped, but the sound of her medal clinking gave her position
away. The wolf heard the sound, found her, and sadly, ate her.
4. Why was Bertha’s medal important in the story?
Bertha’s medal is both a symbol and a plot twist. It shows how proud she was of being good,
but also becomes the reason for her tragic ending. The medal made a noise when she was
hiding, and that noise helped the wolf find her. So, something that was meant to reward her
goodness actually led to her death. It’s an example of irony, where something good causes
something bad.
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5. What is the message or lesson from Bertha’s story?
The story teaches a different kind of lesson. Most stories tell us that good behavior brings
good results, but this story challenges that idea. It suggests that being too good or being
"perfect" may not always protect us in life. It also shows that the world is not always fair —
sometimes, bad things happen to good people, and sometimes, rewards can even bring
danger.
It also gives a message about realism vs idealism. The bachelor (storyteller) wanted to tell a
story that reflected the unfairness of the real world, not just a happy fairy tale where the
good are always rewarded.
Conclusion
Bertha’s story, though short and simple, carries a powerful and surprising message. It plays
with the usual expectations of “good children get good rewards” and shows that life can be
unpredictable. The story teaches us that sometimes, being too perfect or showing off
goodness can lead to unexpected problems.
The story is also an example of dark humor — it makes us think deeply about morals,
rewards, and reality. In the end, Bertha remains a symbol of innocence and tragedy,
reminding us that even goodness has its limits in an imperfect world.
6. Write an essay on criticism of social system and social customs in the story The Shroud.
Ans: Criticism of Social System and Social Customs in the Story "The Shroud"
Introduction:
Premchand, one of the greatest Hindi-Urdu writers of modern India, was known for his
powerful and realistic portrayal of Indian society. His short story "The Shroud" (Kafan) is a
bold and painful criticism of the rigid social system, poverty, and inhumane customs that
were—and still are—part of Indian rural life. Through this story, Premchand does not just
tell us a tale of a poor family, but forces us to question society, morality, religion, and
tradition.
Let’s explore how Premchand uses this heartbreaking story to criticize social inequality,
poverty, hollow customs, and insensitivity created by the system itself.
1. Social Inequality and Caste Division
In the story, the main characters are Gisu and Madhav, a father and son duo who belong to
the lowest class in the rural Indian caste hierarchy. They are poor, landless laborers who
survive by doing odd jobs—when they feel like it. Their poverty is not just personal laziness
(as some may think), but a result of generations of social inequality.
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Premchand shows how the upper class has all the power, money, and respect, while
people like Gisu and Madhav are treated with no dignity, even when they face tragedy.
When Budhiya, Madhav’s wife, is dying in pain, there is no doctor, no support, no
community help—because they are poor and "untouchable." This reflects how society
ignores the suffering of the lower classes. It’s a strong attack on social discrimination and
class-based injustice.
2. Poverty and Dehumanization
The most powerful criticism in the story is of poverty and its effect on human behavior. Gisu
and Madhav seem like irresponsible and emotionless people, who don’t care even when
Budhiya is dying. But Premchand is not just blaming them. He’s showing how poverty can
destroy humanity itself.
They sit by the fire instead of helping Budhiya because they are tired, hungry, and hopeless.
They have suffered so much in life that they have become numb and selfish. When Budhiya
dies, they don’t cry. Instead, they start thinking about collecting money for her funeral.
But Premchand uses irony to criticize society here: People who never helped Budhiya
when she was alive suddenly give money to buy her a shroud (kafan)—not to help the living,
but to "protect the dead’s respect."
This shows how customs and rituals are valued more than real help. The living die without
food, but money is collected for a piece of cloth to cover the dead body.
3. Blind Customs and Hypocrisy
The title itself, “The Shroud,” is symbolic. A shroud is a white cloth used to cover a dead
body before burial. But in the story, it becomes a symbol of social hypocrisy and blind
tradition.
After collecting the money, Gisu and Madhav do not buy the shroud. They go and eat and
drink instead. Now this may seem heartless, but Premchand is not showing them as villains.
He’s criticizing the system that has left them with no hope, no guidance, and no sense of
right or wrong.
As they sit and drink, they say something shocking:
“What is the use of wasting money on a dead body? At least we got something out of it
while alive.”
This dark humor is used by Premchand to show how meaningless customs like buying a
shroud have become in a poor man’s life. The system expects them to follow rituals, but it
never gave them anything to survive with. So they choose to live—even for one night—over
blindly following a custom.
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4. Religion and Morality Questioned
Premchand also questions religion and morality in this story. Traditionally, Indian culture
teaches people to respect the dead, perform last rites, and live with dharma (moral duty).
But here, Gisu and Madhav break all these rules.
Premchand is asking: What good is religion or morality if it only works for the rich?
Gisu and Madhav know that society expects them to behave in a certain way after Budhiya’s
death, but they also know that society did nothing to help her live. So they see no value in
following the rules made by that same society.
5. Criticism of Social Apathy
One of the most bitter truths Premchand shows is the indifference of society toward the
poor. When Budhiya is in labor pain, no one from the village comes to help. But when she
dies, people give money—not out of real sympathy, but because social reputation demands
that a proper funeral be held.
This is a sharp criticism of how people only act for show, not from the heart. Even charity
becomes a form of social drama, not true kindness.
Conclusion:
Through “The Shroud,” Premchand makes us face uncomfortable truths about our social
system, customs, and values. Gisu and Madhav are not shown as purely bad people—they
are the products of a cruel, broken system.
The story criticizes:
• Class discrimination
• Meaningless rituals
• Religious hypocrisy
• Blind customs
• Lack of social responsibility
Premchand forces us to think—what is the use of customs that do not help the living? What
is the meaning of religion and morality if they don’t reduce human suffering?
Even today, “The Shroud” remains relevant, as it opens our eyes to the real pain of poverty,
and the need to change our society from the inside. It's not just a story—it’s a mirror to our
system, asking us: Are we really living humanely? Or just blindly following customs that
cover up our inhumanity—just like a shroud?
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SECTION-D
7. What does democracy generally mean? How does it vary from country to country?
Ans: Democracy is a complex and evolving form of government that, at its core, is built on
the idea of rule by the people. Although the term “democracy” literally means “rule by the
people” (derived from the Greek words demos for “people” and kratos for “power” or
“rule”), its practical application varies widely from one country to another. In this discussion,
we will explore what democracy generally means, how its core principles manifest in
different contexts, and how diverse interpretations and implementations shape the way
people experience democracy around the world.
1. The General Meaning of Democracy
At its essence, democracy is a system of government where power is vested in the people.
This means that citizens have the right to participate in political decision-making, primarily
through voting in elections to select representatives or to decide on specific issues. There
are several key principles that characterize a democratic system:
• Popular Sovereignty: In a democracy, the ultimate authority rests with the people,
who grant legitimacy to government actions through free and fair elections.
• Political Equality: Every citizen has equal rights to participate in the political process
regardless of socio-economic status, gender, or race.
• Rule of Law: Democracy is grounded in the principle that laws apply equally to all
citizens, including leaders, ensuring accountability and justice.
• Protection of Rights and Freedoms: Fundamental human rights—such as freedom of
speech, assembly, and the press—are preserved to enable open debate and the
exchange of ideas.
• Transparency and Accountability: Democratic governments are expected to be
transparent in their actions and accountable to their citizens, who have the right to
critique and remove leaders through established legal processes.
These principles set the stage for what many consider an ideal democratic system. They are
embedded in numerous national constitutions and international declarations of human
rights. However, the theoretical ideals of democracy often differ from its practical
implementation.
2. Historical Evolution of Democracy
The roots of democracy can be traced back to ancient Greece, particularly in the city-state
of Athens. Here, a form of direct democracy was practiced where citizens (albeit a limited
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group of free men) could participate directly in decision-making processes. Although ancient
Athenian democracy was far from inclusive by today’s standards, it laid the conceptual
groundwork for modern democratic thought.
Over centuries, the concept evolved through various political experiments and philosophies.
Enlightenment thinkers in Europe, such as John Locke, Montesquieu, and Rousseau, further
refined these ideas, emphasizing individual rights, separation of powers, and the social
contract. The American Revolution and the French Revolution were pivotal moments where
democratic ideals were put into practice, leading to the formation of governments that
valued constitutional limits and citizen participation.
3. Core Principles and Features of Democracy
Let’s break down the core features of a democratic system:
A. Free and Fair Elections:
Regular elections are the lifeblood of a democracy. Citizens are given the power to choose
their leaders and influence policy by voting. These elections must be conducted fairly—
without intimidation, fraud, or unfair restrictions—and should ideally allow for a genuine
choice among competitors.
B. Representation vs. Direct Participation:
In many modern democracies, the principle of representation is used. Rather than every
citizen being directly involved in every decision (as in direct democracy), they elect
representatives who make legislative and policy decisions on their behalf. Some countries
adopt a hybrid approach, blending elements of direct democracy (such as referendums or
initiatives) with representative institutions.
C. Pluralism and Political Competition:
A healthy democracy is one where multiple voices can be heard. This includes a competitive
multi-party system, vibrant civil society organizations, and diverse media outlets. Pluralism
ensures that power is not concentrated in the hands of a single group, and it allows for
dissenting opinions and minority views to flourish.
D. Accountability and the Rule of Law:
Democratic governments are accountable to their citizens, and the rule of law means that
everyone, including political leaders, must adhere to the same legal standards. Independent
courts, legal institutions, and effective law enforcement are crucial in upholding these
principles.
E. Protection of Civil Liberties:
Fundamental rights such as freedom of expression, association, religion, and the press are
safeguarded in democracies. These freedoms enable citizens to challenge government
actions and engage in open discussions about policies and governance.
F. Transparent Governance:
Transparency is essential for the accountability of governmental institutions. Mechanisms
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such as open meetings, public records, and freedom of information laws help ensure that
government actions are visible to the public and that officials can be held to account.
4. How Democracy Varies from Country to Country
While the theoretical ideals of democracy are widely recognized, their practical application
often varies significantly due to cultural, historical, economic, and political differences.
Here’s an exploration of the ways in which democracy is not a one-size-fits-all model:
A. Institutional Frameworks and Constitutional Arrangements
Different countries adopt varying constitutional frameworks that shape how democratic
principles are implemented. For instance:
• Presidential Democracies: In countries like the United States, the separation of
powers is a fundamental characteristic. The president is both head of state and
government, elected independently from the legislature. This creates a system of
checks and balances among the executive, legislative, and judicial branches.
• Parliamentary Democracies: In places such as the United Kingdom and Canada, the
executive is drawn from and accountable to the legislature. Here, the prime minister
is typically the leader of the majority party in parliament, and government stability
relies on continued legislative support.
• Mixed Systems: Some countries, like France, have hybrid systems (known as semi-
presidential systems) where power is divided between a directly elected president
and a prime minister, each with defined roles. These systems combine elements of
both presidential and parliamentary structures, reflecting the unique historical and
political contexts of the country.
B. Electoral Systems and Representation
The way votes are translated into seats in a legislature can vary dramatically:
• Majoritarian Systems: Also known as “first-past-the-post,” these systems, common
in countries like the United Kingdom and India, often lead to a concentration of
power in the hands of larger parties and may result in a strong majority government.
Critics argue that they can marginalize minority groups and smaller political parties.
• Proportional Representation: Many European countries, such as Sweden and
Germany, use proportional representation, where legislative seats are allocated
based on the percentage of votes each party receives. This can lead to multi-party
coalitions, ensuring broader representation but sometimes resulting in less political
stability.
• Mixed Electoral Systems: Some nations combine elements of both systems to
balance the advantages and disadvantages of each, ensuring local representation
while also producing a more proportional overall result.
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C. Political Culture and Historical Influences
The way democracy functions is also shaped by a country’s political culture and historical
background:
• Western Democracies: In countries like the United States, the United Kingdom, and
many Western European nations, democracy is often characterized by a long
tradition of individual rights, a strong emphasis on free-market principles, and a
history of institutional checks and balances.
• Emerging Democracies: In many parts of the world, including regions in Africa, Asia,
and Latin America, democracy has been adopted more recently. These democracies
might be still consolidating the rule of law, dealing with remnants of authoritarian
rule, or navigating the complexities of diverse ethnic and cultural populations.
• Hybrid or Illiberal Democracies: Some countries hold elections and maintain
democratic institutions in form, but limitations exist on key freedoms such as the
press, civil liberties, or judicial independence. These systems sometimes fall under
the category of “illiberal democracies,” where the democratic framework exists but
the ideals of pluralism, transparency, and accountability are compromised.
D. Socio-Economic Factors
The economic conditions of a country can also influence how democracy is practiced:
• Wealthy Democracies: In countries with higher levels of wealth and education,
citizens may have more access to information, greater resources to participate in
political processes, and a robust civil society. This often leads to higher voter turnout
and more informed public debates.
• Developing Democracies: In nations where economic challenges persist, issues like
poverty, low literacy rates, and limited access to information can hinder effective
participation in democratic processes. Additionally, economic disparities can
translate into political inequalities, where affluent individuals or groups exert
disproportionate influence.
E. Institutional Trust and Governance Quality
An important variable that affects the quality of democracy is the level of trust citizens have
in their institutions:
• High-Trust Democracies: In many Scandinavian countries, for example, there is a
strong sense of trust in government institutions, which supports a culture of
accountability and civic participation. This trust is often reinforced by transparent
governance practices and efficient public services.
• Low-Trust Democracies: In some countries where corruption, nepotism, or
inefficiency are prevalent, public trust in democratic processes can be eroded. This
may lead to voter apathy, protest movements, or a reliance on informal networks
rather than formal institutions.
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F. Policy Priorities and Governance Styles
Even among established democracies, policy priorities and governance styles can differ:
• Social Welfare vs. Free-Market Policies: In some democracies, particularly in
Northern Europe, there is a strong emphasis on social welfare, public healthcare, and
education. In contrast, other democracies, such as the United States, place a greater
emphasis on free-market policies and individual responsibility.
• Decentralization vs. Centralization: Some democracies favor a decentralized
approach with significant power given to local or regional governments, allowing for
tailored policy responses that reflect regional diversity. Other democracies maintain
a more centralized system where most decisions are made at the national level.
• Civil Liberties and Security: The balance between civil liberties and security can also
vary, particularly in times of crisis. Some democracies might temporarily expand
executive power or restrict certain freedoms during emergencies, while others are
more reluctant to compromise rights even in challenging times.
5. Why Variations Exist: Context is Key
The variations in democratic practice from one country to another are often a result of
historical context, cultural values, and unique political experiences. For example:
• The Legacy of Colonialism: Many democracies in Africa, Asia, and the Caribbean
have been shaped by colonial histories. Their democratic institutions often had to be
built from scratch after independence, and these countries sometimes blend
traditional governance with modern democratic practices.
• Ethnic and Cultural Diversity: In multicultural countries, democracy must
accommodate a range of ethnic, religious, and cultural groups. This may involve
power-sharing arrangements or federal structures to ensure that minority groups
are protected and fairly represented.
• Political Transitions: Countries transitioning from authoritarian regimes to
democratic systems may face challenges such as building effective institutions,
establishing the rule of law, and creating a political culture that values participation
and pluralism. South Korea, Taiwan, and parts of Eastern Europe offer examples of
successful transitions that, despite initial challenges, evolved into robust
democracies.
• Legal and Constitutional Differences: The specific legal frameworks and
constitutional provisions of a country greatly influence how democracy works in
practice. For instance, constitutional amendments, judicial review, and the structure
of political institutions differ widely, contributing to variations in how power is
checked and balanced.
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6. Modern Challenges and the Future of Democracy
Despite its widespread appeal, democracy faces numerous challenges worldwide. These
include:
• Populism: The rise of populist movements in various countries is often a response to
perceived economic inequalities or cultural dislocations. While populism can
energize political engagement, it can also undermine democratic norms by pitting
“the people” against established institutions.
• Digital Technology and Social Media: The advent of technology has transformed
how citizens engage with politics. While the internet has democratized access to
information, it has also introduced challenges such as misinformation, echo
chambers, and the manipulation of public opinion.
• Globalization: As countries become more interconnected, domestic policies are
increasingly influenced by international economic and political pressures. This
interplay can complicate national decision-making and raise questions about
sovereignty and accountability.
• Environmental and Societal Crises: Modern democracies are grappling with pressing
issues like climate change, pandemics, and economic uncertainty. How democratic
institutions adapt to handle such crises may determine their future viability and
public trust.
7. Conclusion
In summary, democracy is best understood as a system of government by the people—
where power, legitimacy, and accountability all flow from the citizenry. However, the
specific ways in which democratic principles are applied vary significantly from one country
to another. Factors such as historical context, institutional design, cultural values, economic
conditions, and societal challenges all contribute to these differences. While some
democracies excel in maintaining transparency, accountability, and robust pluralism, others
continue to struggle with issues like corruption, unequal representation, and political
polarization.
Ultimately, democracy is a dynamic and evolving concept. It adapts over time, influenced by
the aspirations, struggles, and successes of each society that embraces it. The variations in
democratic practice do not diminish the universal aspiration for participation and justice;
rather, they illustrate the rich diversity of political life and the multiple paths that nations
take to achieve what they perceive as a fair and effective system of governance.
This multifaceted nature of democracy is what makes it both challenging and fascinating—a
living experiment in governance that must continuously evolve to meet the needs of its
people in an ever-changing world.
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8. (a) In what way is a spendthrift selfish ?
(b) What does the declaration expect from the individuals by way of duties?
Ans: 8. (a) In what way is a spendthrift selfish?
Let’s first understand the term “spendthrift.”
A spendthrift is a person who spends money carelessly and excessively, often on things that
are not necessary. You might imagine someone who keeps buying luxury items, eating out
at expensive restaurants, throwing lavish parties, or shopping beyond their limits — without
thinking about the consequences.
Now, how does that make someone selfish? It may not look selfish at first. In fact, people
may even think of a spendthrift as generous or fun-loving. But when we look deeper, we can
see a different side of the story.
1. Think about Responsibility
Let’s say a person earns a fixed amount every month. Instead of saving for their family’s
needs, children’s education, medical emergencies, or the future, they blow it all on
temporary pleasures like expensive clothes, gadgets, or vacations. Now imagine their child
needs money for school, or their partner needs medical help — but there’s no money left.
Here, the spendthrift has ignored their duty toward the family. Even though they might say,
“It’s my money,” their actions show that they care more about their own pleasure than
about the well-being of others who depend on them.
That’s selfishness — putting your desires above the needs of others, especially when those
others are closely connected to you.
2. The Illusion of Generosity
Spendthrifts sometimes appear generous — treating friends to dinner, buying gifts, or
throwing parties. But ask yourself:
• Is this generosity long-lasting and meaningful?
• Or is it just to show off or feel good for the moment?
Real generosity comes from thinking about others' needs, not just spending to gain
attention or admiration. A person who spends recklessly may not be willing to help when it
really matters, like donating to charity, supporting a poor relative, or saving for a long-term
cause.
They enjoy spending — not sharing with purpose.
3. Emotional Selfishness
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Spending can become a habit, a way to chase happiness or escape from problems. But in
doing so, the spendthrift ignores how their behavior affects those around them. For
example, a partner might feel stressed because they can’t control the budget. Children may
grow up with insecurity. Parents might feel worried about their child’s future.
The spendthrift focuses only on their own emotional needs, not on the emotional burden
they place on others. This kind of emotional selfishness may not be visible on the surface,
but it quietly hurts relationships.
4. Borrowing Without Thinking
Sometimes spendthrifts take loans or borrow from friends and family to fund their
spending. They might promise to return the money, but often fail to do so on time — or at
all. They may not even feel guilty because they're so used to putting themselves first.
That’s a clear sign of selfishness. They use others as tools to fulfill their desires, without
considering the stress or inconvenience caused to the lender.
5. Ignoring the Bigger Picture
Spendthrifts often live in the “now”, ignoring the future. They don’t save, they don’t invest,
and they don’t plan. If they have a family, their lack of foresight can bring hardship to
others. If they live alone, their actions may still burden society later (like needing
government support or family help in old age).
Their carelessness is not just about money — it’s about avoiding responsibility. And that too
is a kind of selfishness.
Summary: How is a Spendthrift Selfish?
• They ignore responsibilities to family and future.
• They spend for personal pleasure, not meaningful sharing.
• They may appear generous but are actually self-centered.
• They often put emotional and financial burden on others.
• They borrow carelessly, hurting trust.
• They neglect the long-term impact of their behavior.
Now let’s move on to the second question.
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8. (b) What does the declaration expect from the individuals by way of duties?
This question refers to the Universal Declaration of Human Responsibilities — a companion
to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. While we often hear about our rights (like
freedom, education, equality), we don’t talk enough about our duties.
But remember — with every right comes a duty. A free and fair society needs not just rights
but responsible individuals.
What is the Declaration of Human Responsibilities?
This idea came from the belief that if everyone only demanded their rights without fulfilling
their duties, society would fall apart. For example:
• You have the right to free speech — but the duty not to spread hate.
• You have the right to freedom — but the duty not to harm others in the name of
that freedom.
• You have the right to education — but the duty to use it wisely and help others too.
So, the declaration expects individuals to balance rights with responsibilities.
Let’s now explore some key duties expected from individuals, in simple words:
1. Duty to Respect Others' Rights
The first duty is to respect the rights of other people. That means:
• Don’t misuse your freedom in a way that hurts others.
• Don’t spread hate, lies, or discrimination.
• Allow others to speak, live, and grow just like you want to.
Example: You want your religion to be respected? Then respect other religions too. That’s
fairness.
2. Duty to Promote Peace and Non-Violence
Every individual has the duty to:
• Avoid violence — in action, words, or even thoughts.
• Promote peace in their community.
• Settle problems through dialogue, not war or fights.
Whether you're a student, teacher, leader, or worker — promoting peace is everyone's job.
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3. Duty to Help the Poor and Needy
If you are blessed with wealth, health, or education, you have a duty to help those who are
not. This could be:
• Sharing knowledge
• Donating time or money
• Volunteering to teach or help
This builds a more equal and caring society.
4. Duty to Protect Nature
The Declaration emphasizes our duty toward the environment:
• Don’t waste resources like water or electricity.
• Don’t pollute the air, rivers, or forests.
• Support conservation and sustainable living.
You may have the right to use nature — but you must use it wisely.
5. Duty to Be Honest and Fair
Truth and fairness are pillars of a good society. The declaration expects individuals to:
• Speak the truth
• Avoid cheating, lying, or corruption
• Treat others fairly, regardless of religion, caste, gender, or race
These qualities build trust, peace, and justice.
6. Duty to Educate and Learn
Education is not just a right — it’s a duty too:
• Learn actively
• Share knowledge with others
• Use education to improve society, not just personal life
A well-informed citizen helps create a strong democracy.
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7. Duty to Participate in Civic Life
Individuals should not stay silent or inactive. The declaration expects:
• Participation in voting and governance
• Raising voice against injustice
• Supporting good leadership
• Respecting national duties like paying taxes or following laws
This makes society more responsible and democratic.
8. Duty to Uphold Human Dignity
Finally, the declaration expects everyone to treat others with respect and dignity, regardless
of:
• Age
• Gender
• Occupation
• Economic status
• Religion or belief
This includes respecting domestic workers, farmers, elderly people, people with disabilities,
and more. Every life matters.
Summary: Duties Expected by the Declaration
• Respect others’ rights and freedoms
• Avoid violence; promote peace
• Help the needy and support justice
• Protect the environment
• Be honest and fair
• Value and spread education
• Participate in democratic life
• Uphold human dignity always
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Final Thoughts
We live in a world that talks a lot about “My Rights” — but a truly good citizen also asks:
“What are my Duties?”
Whether it’s about not being a selfish spendthrift or about living responsibly as part of
society, the core message is this:
"Freedom without responsibility is dangerous. But responsibility with compassion can
change the world."
“This paper has been carefully prepared for educational purposes. If you notice any mistakes or
have suggestions, feel free to share your feedback.”
